Blog of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research

New Research Indicates Link between Early Menarche and Endometriosis

March 11th, 2010 by Elizabeth Kissling

Drawing of uterine cross-section indicating endometriosis.In a controlled study of 268 Australian women with surgically confirmed moderate-to-severe endometriosis (cases) and 244 women without endometriosis (controls), researchers found that characteristics of a woman’s early menstrual cycles were associated with later development of endometriosis. Data showed those who did not start their menstrual cycle until after they turned 14 had a significantly reduced risk of later developing endometriosis.

Duration of the cycle, intensity of flow, and preferred choice of menstrual product showed no association with endometriosis.

The results are published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, December 2009. You can read the abstract here.

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Jesus: A Menstrual Hero?

March 10th, 2010 by Elizabeth Kissling

Guest Post by David Linton, Marymount Manhattan College

Debates about Christianity’s attitudes toward women sometimes focus on Jesus’ relationship with Mary Magdalene and isolated engagements with other unnamed women encountered during his travels.  Little is made of a healing scene in the book of Luke(8:43-48) where Jesus had momentary contact with a woman who, in all likelihood, had a severe case of menorrhagia.  Here’s how the translation is described in the Revised Standard Version”

“As he went, the people pressed round him.  And a woman who had a flow of blood for twelve years and could not be healed by any one came up behind him, and touched the fringe of his garment; and immediately her flow of blood ceased.  And Jesus said, “Who was it that touched me?”  When all denied it, Peter said, “Master, the multitudes surround you and press upon you!”  But Jesus said, “Some one touched me; for I perceive that power has gone forth from me.”  And when the woman saw that she was not hidden, she came trembling, and falling down before him declared in the presence of all the people why she had touched him and how she had been immediately healed.  And he said to her, “Daughter, your faith has made you well; go in peace.”

Is PMDD Genetic?

March 9th, 2010 by Elizabeth Kissling

White lab mouse sitting in a gloved palm.

Guest Post by Amber Steele, University of Cambridge

There have been a couple of stories in the press recently touting a study by Joanna Spencer and colleagues suggesting that PMDD may be genetic. I had a cursory look through the paper and read the article. Changes in dendritic branching of neurons in the limbic system across the menstrual cycle, owing to changes in estrogen, has been well documented in the female mice and rat. Additionally, changes in neuronal activity and accompanying receptor activity is also well document during periods of hormone change, again in the female mice and rat models. Individual differences in how this change occurs and the fact that it can be linked to differences in genes make sense. It seems that Spencer et al., have identified one of probably many genes that mediates these differences. This is not the first time that a gene of this kind has been identified or implicated. For example, Susan Girdler at Chapel Hill has done some interesting work on PMDD and suggests a genetic i.e., differing protein response to a hormone, difference in response to progesterone that might, in part, explain symptoms associated with PMDD.

The fact that Spencer et al., found a relationship to anxious behavior does not say anything conclusively about PMS or PMDD. It only states that if you have this variant then your levels of anxiety may change as estrogen fluctuates.

The news article is exploiting the findings from the Spencer study to construct a simplistic view of varying responses to hormone change within and across women. I suppose the author of the news article thought it might be interesting to examine the debate on whether or not there is a “clinically disordered” state during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in some women and whether it should be recognized officially. While it may do this, it also perpetuates misunderstandings and stereotypes about women’s hormones and their emotional states.

Amber Steele is a graduate student at the University of Cambridge with a biomedical background. She is writing a thesis is on wellbeing over the menstrual cycle and how it relates to hormonal “biomarkers” cortisol and progesterone.

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Equal Rights, Equal Opportunities: Progress for All

March 8th, 2010 by Elizabeth Kissling

Today is International Women’s Day, and the subject line above is the IWD theme for 2010. Search here for events in your area.

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Of Hot Flushes, Lie Detectors, and Stress

March 7th, 2010 by Elizabeth Kissling

Guest Post by Jerilynn C. Prior, Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research

A hot flush causes failure on a lie detector test! The same galvanic skin response (in simple terms—clammy skin) is positive in both. Why? Because—with every flush—there is massive dogs’ breakfast of neurotransmitters and brain stress hormones released. These are the same brain chemicals that are produced as we struggle to create a plausible falsehood. Both arise from a fundamental, brain pathway that mediates both our physical and emotional responses to “threats” (be they nutritional, emotional, physical or some combination of stressors).

Some years ago a psychologist from London Ontario showed that menopausal women’s hot flushes were increased by stressful environment (1). Menopausal women who regularly experienced eight hot flushes a day attended two randomly-ordered 4-hour sessions a week apart. During the sessions they had flushes objectively documented by galvanic skin response. When they were forced to experience a chaotic environment, loud noises, unpleasant videos and bright lights, each of these women experienced more hot flushes; they did not in the alternative calm and pleasant session (1). Likewise, the large Study of Women Across the Nation showed that perimenopausal women who reported “trouble paying for basics” (like food and shelter) had more hot flushes than did those with economic and social security (2).

Saturday Surfing: Sharing the Linky-Love

March 6th, 2010 by Elizabeth Kissling

This week’s recommendations:

By the way, if any re:Cycling readers will be attending the Gender Studies Symposium at Lewis & Clark (hello, Portland!) next week, please introduce yourself and say hello!

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Brief News Update: Screening for Cervical Cancer

March 5th, 2010 by Elizabeth Kissling

England’s Advisory Committee on Cervical Screening (ACCS) has developed new guidelines [pdf] for screening cervical cancer in young women who experience symptoms such as bleeding after sex or between periods, pain during sex or an unusual discharge. Screening for cervical cancer normally begins at age 25 in England, as it is rare in young women. The new guidelines were developed after the ACCS discovered that young women seeking medical consultations for abnormal bleeding often experience delays in diagnosis because they do not receive a full pelvic examination.

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What do men know about birth control and periods?

March 4th, 2010 by Elizabeth Kissling

Here’s a hint: the title of the new study by the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy is How Misperceptions, Magical Thinking, and Ambivalence Put Young Adults at Risk for Unplanned Pregnancy.

The study [PDF] surveyed American singles ages 18–29 about their perceptions about and use of contraception. Twenty-eight percent of young men think that wearing two condoms at a time is more effective than just one. Twenty-five percent think that women can prevent pregnancy by douching after sex. Eighteen percent believe that they can reduce the chance of pregnancy by doing it standing up.

A staggering 42% of men and 40% of women believe that the chance of getting pregnant within a year while using the birth control pill is 50% or greater (despite research suggesting that the pill is typically 92% effective).

And many unmarried young adults believe they are infertile. Although available data suggest that about 8.4% of women 15–29 have impaired fecundity (measured as an inability to conceive or carry a baby to term): 59% of women and 47% of men say it is at least slightly likely they are infertile (19% of women and 14% of men describe it as quite or extremely likely.

In a very good short essay about the study at The Sexist, Amanda Hess links men’s lack of knowledge about contraception to their lack of knowledge about menstruation and physiology more generally, and illustrates with some telling anecdotes. There are a few more examples in the video at right, in which Amanda corners several men and asks them to explain how hormonal birth control works.

It all seems quite shocking, until one remembers that abstinence-only sex education that includes lessons about the ineffectiveness of condoms and other contraceptives has been standard in the U.S. since 1996. (See here for U.S. Government definitional criteria for abstinence-only sex education. At present, 22 states have opted out of receiving federal funding, so that they may provide accurate and comprehensive sex education.)

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New Technique for Management of Hot Flashes

March 4th, 2010 by Elizabeth Kissling

The Indianapolis Star has a short interview today with Professor Janet S. Carpenter of Indiana University’s School of Nursing. Dr. Carpenter is conducting a study of whether menopausal women can control hot flashes through breathing techniques.

She told the Star:

Breathing techniques are something nurses use all the time. After surgery, we teach patients to inhale and take deep breaths to clear the lungs of anesthesia. We also teach patients slow, deep breathing to decrease anxiety. Because the study is blinded, I can’t talk specifically about what the two breathing programs are.

Some research seemed to show that it helped hot flashes. We actually think breathing techniques change a woman’s physiology so she will have fewer hot flashes, and if she has the same number of hot flashes, she will cope with them better.

I’ll look forward to seeing the results of her study (maybe I can talk her into presenting them at the next meeting of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research!). If her hypothesis is correct, we’ll have an easy, cheap, and medication-free method for helping women cope with the discomfort of hot flashes.


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Vagina Vérité

March 3rd, 2010 by Elizabeth Kissling

Vagina Vérité logoArtist (and friend of re:Cycling) Alexandra Jacoby is working on a project for women called Vagina Vérité®. She’s making vulva portraits, proud and unabashed, straight-up documentary photographs-so that we can see ourselves for ourselves. The project began as a response to a friend who “didn’t like the way her vagina looked”. Alexandra wanted her friend to know that there was no one right way to look, and it became something of a mission for her to create a document of respect and appreciation for our vaginas, our vulvas, our bodies, ourselves… Alexandra’s been working on vagina vérité® since 2000, and is looking for our help toward completing photography. From there, she plans to publish a book of v-portraits & to exhibit widely. You can learn more about the project and how we can help here [pdf].

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It’s Still Not Funny

March 2nd, 2010 by Elizabeth Kissling


In the grand tradition of Ms. magazine, we present the latest installment of SNL’s “Classic ESPN Women’s Sports Tournament” with NO COMMENT.


(OK, if you really want to know what we think, see our previous posts about this misogynist series. We’re just too tired to say it again.)

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Cervical Cancer Vaccine NOT Recommended for Older Women

March 2nd, 2010 by Elizabeth Kissling
HPV virus magnified.

HPV virus magnified.

Although it pains me to see how low the threshold is for defining “older women” in this research, I am glad to see that the findings of this longitudinal study confirm that the HPV vaccine is of little to no benefit to older women. The study was published in Journal of the National Cancer Institute last month.

In a 7-year population-based cohort study in Costa Rica, the researchers looked at more than 9000 women in four age groups: ages 18–25, 26–33, 34–41, and ≥42 years to assess whether women’s age and the duration of carcinogenic HPV infections influenced subsequent persistence of infection and risk of cervical cancer. They found that regardless of the woman’s age, newly detected infections were associated with very low absolute risks of persistent infection or cancer.

Although cervical cancer is more common in older women, it usually develops many years – even decades – after exposure to a carcinogenic virus. The research team found that the rate of newly detected infections dropped with age — to 13.5 percent in women 42 and older, from 35 percent in women 18 to 25. In younger and older women alike, new infections generally cleared up without treatment.

The researchers concluded that the potential benefitof prophylactic vaccination or frequent HPV screening to prevent or detect new carcinogenic HPV infections is low in women aged 34 years and older.

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Readers should note that statements published in re: Cycling are those of individual authors and do not necessarily reflect the positions of the Society as a whole.